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                <text>Minutes: Chicago Woman’s Club Records, Chicago History Museum.</text>
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                    <text>"Chicago Woman's Club Annual Announcement, 1877." Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives. Chicago Women’s Club. Box 1, Folder 1.</text>
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                    <text>A photograph of the library of the Chicago Woman's Club, 1900.</text>
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                <text>Humani Nikil a Me Alienum Puto (Nothing Human is Foreign to Me)</text>
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                <text>From the Club’s inception, Annual Announcements listed the officers, committees, and lecture program of the Chicago Woman’s Club.  Note that Prison Reform emerges as a topic of interest as early as 1877.  The Club’s well-decorated rooms at the Art Institute Building reflected the elegance and refinement of the upper class clubwomen.</text>
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                <text>"Annual Announcement of the Chicago Woman's Club, 1877." Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives. Chicago Women’s Club. Box 1, Folder 1.</text>
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                <text>“I Pledge to Sustain its Good Work and Guard Its Reputation”</text>
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                <text>The Constitution printed in the Annual Announcements outlined the process of gaining membership into the Chicago Woman’s Club.  In 1885, prospective club members needed explicit endorsement from two club members, a majority vote of acceptance, and an annual payment of dues.  The process aimed to protect the good reputation of the club while also effectively limiting the group to white women of means.  Portraits of the first five presidents of the CWC depict proper well-to-do Victorian clubwomen.  When middle class African American Fannie Barrier Williams first attempted to gain membership in 1894, the local press followed the controversial story with great interest. </text>
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                <text>"Annual Announcement of the Chicago Woman's Club, 1885." Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives. Chicago Women’s Club. Box 1, Folder 1.</text>
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                <text>Image of Club Presidents: "Book of the Chicago Woman's Club, 1900." Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives. Chicago Women’s Club. Box 15, Folder 1.</text>
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                <text>Image of Fannie Barrier Williams: “Mrs. Fannie Barrier Williams, Member of the Chicago Woman’s Club, Newspaper Correspondent and Author.” http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=210767&amp;imageID=1252568.&#13;
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                    <text>Petitions Protesting the Election of Apr. 26, 1901</text>
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              <element elementId="50">
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                    <text>Chicago Tribune: Internal Politics Stirs the Chicago Woman's Club</text>
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                <text>Despite attempts to appear unified, the Chicago Woman’s Club was occasionally wracked by controversy.  During the 1901-1902 year, an anonymous letter arrived at the CWC accusing officers of fraud.  After consulting with handwriting specialists, the Chicago Woman’s Club put Mrs. Alice Bradford Wiles on trial and ultimately exonerated her.  During the same year, members of the CWC protested the fairness of officer elections.  The Chicago Tribune delivered sensational reports about the events to the public, prompting the club to evaluate their relationship with the press. </text>
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                <text>“Scenes at the Chicago Woman’s Club During and After Exoneration of Mrs. Wiles.” Chicago Daily Tribune. January 16, 1902.</text>
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                <text>Petitions Protesting the Election of Apr. 26, 1901. Chicago History Museum.  Chicago Woman’s Club Records, 1876-1998. Box 50, Folder 7. </text>
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                <text>“Internal Politics Stirs the Chicago Woman’s Club.” Chicago Daily Tribune. February 22, 1908. </text>
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                <text>“The Woman’s Club and the Press, April 8, 1902.” In Chicago Woman’s Club Minutes, 1901-1902. Chicago History Museum.  Chicago Woman’s Club Records, 1876-1998. Box 21, Folder 4.</text>
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                    <text>"Campaign of education towards purity"</text>
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humanitarian"</text>
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                <text>Although the Chicago Woman’s Club always boasted doctors, lawyers, and educators, over time clubwomen increasingly professionalized their approaches to reform. As evidenced by the growing volume of the Club’s Annual Announcements and the rapidly increasing number of committees, the CWC expanded and bureaucratized their reform work over time.  Clubwomen also gained legitimacy in the Progressive Era by informing their work with social science.  The Club boasted a Social Hygiene Committee and Efficiency Committee in addition to sponsoring numerous lectures by leading scientists and professionals.</text>
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                <text>Chicago Woman’s Club Annual Announcements, 1877, 1900, 1920. Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives Chicago Woman’s Club. Photograph by Rachel Boyle, June 24, 2013.</text>
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                <text>"Bureaucratic Expansion of the Chicago Woman’s Club, 1877-1920.” Chart by Rachel Boyle, June 24, 2013.  Data from Chicago Woman’s Club Annual Announcements, 1877-1920. Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives Chicago Woman’s Club.</text>
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                <text>Minutes: Chicago Woman’s Club Records, Chicago History Museum.</text>
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                <text>Criminal Women and Delinquent Children</text>
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                <text>"The Chicago Woman’s Club is Responsible For…” In Chicago Woman’s Club Bulletin, 1919. Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives Chicago Woman’s Club. Box 13, Folder 1.</text>
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