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                    <text>"Urging a complete revision of our Penal Code"</text>
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                <text>As the first act of “practical work” initiated by the CWC, clubwomen lobbied for day matrons to be placed in police stations for the protection and care of incarcerated women. Clubwomen continued to advocate for night matrons to be stationed in jails and prisons, and worked with other clubs in advocating for female police.  Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the Chicago Woman’s Club lobbied to improve prison conditions and put criminal women under the protection and guardianship of other women. The CWC staunchly supported the idea that prisons be places for detention and reform rather than sites of punishment.  </text>
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                <text>Image: "The Street-Girl's End." In The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years’ Work Among Them by Charles Loring Brace. Wynkoop &amp; Hallenbeck, 1872.&#13;
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                <text>Literary Program: Annual Announcements of the Chicago Woman’s Club, 1876-1920. Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives. Chicago Woman’s Club. Boxes 1-5.</text>
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                <text>Newspaper: Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922).</text>
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                <text>When clubwomen encountered children in poorhouses and jails, they saw future paupers and criminals.  The 1891 children’s illustration below depicts the doomed trajectory of troublesome children. The CWC tried to intervene in the process and place juvenile children in safe, comfortable homes with the hope of steering youth toward productive and respectable lives.  In the 1902 Report of the Reform Department of the Chicago Woman’s Club, Mary Plummer asserted that “it is the earnest desire and a large part of the work of this Committee to relieve the Poor House of every child, which can be placed preferably in homes, or, failing, in suitable institutions.”</text>
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                <text>Image: “Quarrelsome Children in Contrast with Those of Sweet Disposition.,” March 25, 2011. http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=1869923&amp;imageID=1699625.&#13;
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                <text>Minutes: Chicago Woman’s Club Records, Chicago History Museum.</text>
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                <text>At the dawn of the Progressive Era, clubwomen increasingly studied the causes and solutions to delinquency.  In particular, the CWC sought to understand the downfall of young women in the city.  Clubwomen frequently emphasized the necessity of industriousness and positive role models to reform young delinquent.  Accordingly, clubwomen like Judge Mary Bartelme, pictured below, worked with Chicago’s Juvenile Court to reform probation practices for juvenile delinquents.</text>
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                <text>Image: “Judge Mary Bartelme.” 1910. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ggb2005012702/.</text>
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                <text>Minutes: Chicago Woman’s Club Records, Chicago History Museum.</text>
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                <text>Just as clubwomen believed in the importance of a productive occupation for young women, they were similarly concerned that young people engage in respectable entertainment.  They were particularly concerned with the leisure activities of working girls.  They advocated that young women participate in club work like their own rather than engage with the immoral and disorderly influences of the city. They also advocated for women to dress in specific ways in order to represent “proper” femininity.  Finally, clubwomen believed in the power of clean and beautiful city streets to “civilize” urban residents.</text>
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                <text>Historian Maureen Flanagan argues in "Seeing with Their Hearts" that women reformers in Chicago shared a united vision of a better Chicago.  They believed in a city of safe homes, clean streets, and social justice.  The 1912 President’s Report illustrates how women’s clubs worked together to clean up municipal politics and establish services for women and children in the city.  In addition, clubs like the CWC funded, administered, and worked with settlement houses like the Jane Addams Hull House, Industrial School, and Model Lodging House.  By publishing pamphlets like “City Ordinances You Ought to Know,” the CWC worked to inform the public about municipal laws.  At times, however, women’s reform work came into conflict with city officials and their visions of a politically reformed Chicago. </text>
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                <text>Flanagan, Maureen A. Seeing with Their Hearts: Chicago Women and the Vision of the Good City, 1871-1933. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="29741">
                <text>O’Connor, Nellie Johnson. “Report of the President of the Chicago Woman’s Club, April 27, 1912.” Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives Chicago Woman’s Club. Box 4, Folder 5.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="29742">
                <text>Chicago Woman's Club. "City Ordinances You Ought to Know." December, 1916.  Loyola University Chicago. Women &amp; Leadership Archives Chicago Woman’s Club. Box 15, Folder 4.</text>
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                <text>Minutes: Chicago Woman’s Club Records, Chicago History Museum.</text>
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                <text>In "Ladies of Labor, Girls of Adventure," Nan Enstad reveals how working women—the shop girls who caused CWC members great concern—created a distinct culture expressed through fashion and consumption of popular amusements.  This working class identity challenged middle class notions of propriety and respectability.  The Day Book asserts the autonomy and capability of these working girls, contrasting them with clubwomen characterized as rich and nosy.&#13;
&#13;
Women and children also attacked the industrious homes and beautification projects sponsored by the Chicago Woman’s Club.  The Chicago Tribune reported an act of vandalism against the Woman’s Industrial Home by a former inmate while the 1901 Report of the Art and Literature Department vividly describes frequent community assaults on a fountain maintained by the Chicago Woman’s Club.</text>
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